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NOD Mouse
NOD Mouse A strain of mice in which the female has an especially high incidence of a diabetes similar to Type 1 in humans. Much used as a research model for prevention and new onset treatment.
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Strain
A partial or complete tear of a muscle or tendon.
Female
The traditional definition of female was "an individual of the sex that bears young" or "that produces ova or eggs". However, things are not so simple today. Female can be defined by physical appearance, by chromosome constitution (see Female chromosome complement), or by gender identification. Female chromosome complement: The large majority of females have a 46, XX chromosome complement (46 chromosomes including two X chromosomes). A minority of females have other chromosome constitutions such as 45,X (45 chromosomes including only one X chromosome) and 47,XXX (47 chromosomes including three X chromosomes).
Incidence
Statistic that equals the number of new cases of a particular disease that occur in a population during a defined period of time, usually one year.
Diabetes
A condition in which blood glucose is not well controlled. Type I diabetics make no insulin, whereas type 2 diabetics are characterized by the overproduction of insulin, but the inability of the target cells to respond to the insulin.
Model
Reproduction of structures made by pouring plaster or stone into a mold.
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Nephrologist
A doctor who sees and treats people with kidney diseases.
Nerve Conduction Velocity (NCV) Studies and Electromyography (EMG)
Tests used to diagnose neuropathy and check for nerve damage. These tests are usually both run at the same time, using the same equipment.
Nesidioblastosis
A group of rare conditions occurring in infancy in which excessively large amounts of insulin are secreted by the beta cells in relation to the prevailing blood sugar level. Sometimes the condition occurs later in life, and sometimes it is due to an autosomal recessive genetic defect. Also called Persistent Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia of Infancy (PHHI).
Neuroglycopenic
Shortage of glucose in the nerve cells of the brain. Since the brain cells depends upon glucose as their main fuel, low blood sugars can quickly result in malfunction of the brain (with change in mental function, and possible loss of consciousness or seizures). In patients with Hypoglycemia Unawareness, where the patient may not recognize low sugar levels because other symptoms such as sweating, tremor, and rapid heart rate, are absent, the first symptoms are neuroglycopenic -- namely, loss of mental functioning.
Nocturnal Hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia occurring while the patient is asleep (between the evening injection and getting up in the morning). Nocturnal hypoglycemia typically has symptoms such as restlessness, nightmares, profuse sweating, and frequently is noted by the bed-partner or parent rather than by the sleeping patient, or sometimes is unrecognized.
NOD Mouse
Noninvasive Blood Glucose Monitoring
A way to measure blood glucose without having to prick the finger to obtain a blood sample. Several noninvasive devices are currently being developed.
Neurocardiogenic Syncope (Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS), Dysautonomia)
Dysfunction of the autonomic nervous syndrome. Causes symptoms of fatigue, dizziness, increased heart rate, and other symptoms. See syncope.
Nicotine
Nicotine is a substance found in cigarettes and considered an addictive drug. It causes changes in the brain that make people want to use it more and more. In addition, addictive drugs cause unpleasant withdrawal symptoms.
NIH
National Institute of Health
Noncompliance
Failure to follow instructions given by health care providers, such as not taking medication as prescribed or not attending follow-up appointments.
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