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Motor neuron disease
Motor neuron disease Diseases characterized by a selective degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex. Clinical subtypes are distinguished by the major site of degeneration. In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis there is involvment of upper, lower, and brainstem motor neurons. In progressive muscular atrophy and related syndromes the motor neurons in the spinal cord are primarily affected. With progressive bulbar palsy, the initial degeneration occurs in the brainstem. In primary lateral sclerosis, the cortical neurons are affected in isolation.
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Cord
1. In anatomy, a long ropelike structure. 2. Short for the spinal cord or the umbilical cord.
Brainstem
The lowest part of the brain which merges with the spinal cord and provides the major route by which the upper realms of the brain send information to, and receives information from, the spinal cord and peripheral nerves. The brainstem consists of the medulla oblongata, midbrain, and pons. All but two of the 12 cranial nerves originate in the brainstem. The brainstem influences basic processes such as alertness, breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate.
Cortex
The outer layer of the cerebrum, densely packed with nerve cells.
Clinical
That which can be observed in patients. Research that uses patients to test new treatments, as opposed to laboratory testing or research in animals.
Lateral
Toward the side, sideways.
Sclerosis
Hardening.
Atrophy
A defect or failure of cell nutrition manifested as decrease in size or healthiness of an organ or tissue.
Bulbar
Pertaining to a bulb, in medicine any rounded mass of tissue (that is shaped somewhat like a crocus or tulip bulb).
Palsy
Paralysis of a muscle or group of muscles
Cortical
Having to do with the cortex, the outer portion of an organ.
Isolation
A defense mechanism operating unconsciously central to obsessive-compulsive phenomena in which the affect is detached from an idea and rendered unconscious, leaving the conscious idea colorless and emotionally neutral.
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Motofen
Motofen is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): atropine sulfate; difenoxin hydrochloride.
Motofen half-strength
Motofen half-strength is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): atropine sulfate; difenoxin hydrochloride.
Motor fusion
Changing the vergence of the two eyes so that images that fall on different points in the two retinas come to fall upon corresponding places in the central retinas. As opposed to Sensory Fusion.
Motor Neurone Disease
Motor Neurone Disease (MND) is a term used to cover a number of illnesses of the motor neurone. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Progressive Muscular Atrophy (PMA), Progressive Bulbar Palsy (PBP) and Progressive Lateral Sclerosis (PLS) are all types of MND. MND is the term used internationally while ALS is often used in the United States (where it is also known as Lou Gehrig's disease) to cover all forms of MND. It was first described by Jean-Martin Charcot, a French neurologist, in 1869.
Motor skills
Motions carried out by the combination of the brain, nervous system, and muscles.
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Microphthalmus
A congenital problem in which the eye(s) is (are) smaller than normal. Vision is often reduced because other problems present within such an eye. No treatment is available.
Mydriatic
A drug that dilates the pupil (see cycloplegia). Sometimes used to treat amblyopia, particularly if the child will not wear an eye patch over the stronger eye.
Mayo Clinic
The Mayo Clinic is a world-renowned medical practice operated by the Mayo Foundation, a not-for-profit organization based in Rochester, Minnesota. The first and largest facilities of the Mayo Clinic are also located in Rochester, but it also runs additional hospitals in Jacksonville, Florida and Scottsdale, Arizona. In addition, the Mayo Foundation operates a number of smaller clinics and hospitals in Minnesota, Iowa, and Wisconsin.
Mayo Clinic diet
A nutritional diet developed by the prestigious Mayo Clinic.
Mammography
An X-ray procedure using a special low irradiation technique to detect abnormal change in breast tissue. Its main use is to detect breast lumps that are too small to be found during breast self examination or physical examination. The higher the level of estrogen (and possibly progestin) the more dense breast tissue is and the less likely that a mammogram will see abnormal tissue. It has many false positive readings meaning that there is no cancer yet the test was abnormal.
Motor neuron disease
Macrophage
A large phagocytic cell of the mononuclear series found within tissues. Properties include phagocytosis, and antigen presentation to T cells.
Macrophage-activating factor (MAF)
Actually several lymphokines, including interferon, released by activated T cells, which together induce activation of macrophages, making them more efficient in phagocytosis and cytotoxicity.
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
A cluster of genes on chromosome 6 in humans, encoding cell surface molecules that are polymorphic and that code for antigens which lead to rapid graft rejection between members of a single species which differ at these loci. Several classes of protein such as MHC class I and II proteins are encoded in this region. These in humans, are known as 'Human leukocyte antigens' (HLA).
Mast cell
Tissue located cell probably derived from basophils. Possesses receptor for Fc of IgE. Participates in 'Immediate hypersensitivity' reactions.
Memory
In the immune system, memory denotes an active state of immunity to a specific antigen, such that a second encounter with that antigen leads to a larger and more rapid response.
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