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Eczema vaccinatum
Eczema vaccinatum A common concern with smallpox vaccination involving the implantation of the vaccinia virus from the vaccination into the skin of a person with eczema (atopic dermatitis), sometimes with a fatal outcome. Disrupted skin permits viral implantation. Once the virus is implanted, it spreads from cell to cell producing extensive lesions. The skin lesions appear identical to a primary smallpox vaccination. Confluent lesions often cover the entire face, the crook of the elbow in the antecubital fossa, and behind the knee in the popliteal fossa. Viremia (viral spread through the bloodstream) may also occur allowing for the spread of virus to other parts of the body, including skin that is not affected by eczema. Bacterial and fungal invasion may occur as a late stage of untreated eczema vaccinatum.
RELATED TERMS--------------------------------------
Smallpox
A viral disease that was once highly contagious. Characterized by high fever, vomiting, and blisters and sores on the skin. Vaccination has eliminated this disease.
Vaccination
Originally referred to immunization against smallpox with the less virulent cowpox (vaccinia) virus; more loosely used for any immunization against a pathogen.
Implantation
The process by which an embryo becomes attached to the inside of the uterus (7-14 days in humans).
Vaccinia
An infection, primarily local and limited to the site of inoculation, induced in man by inoculation with the vaccinia (coxpox) virus in order to confer resistance to smallpox (variola). On about the third day after vaccination, papules form at the site of inoculation which become transformed into umbilicated vesicles and later pustules; they then dry up, and the scab falls off on about the 21st day, leaving a pitted scar; in some cases there are more or less marked constitutional disturbances.
Virus
Ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts; many are pathogenic; a piece of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) wrapped in a thin coat of protein.
Skin
Skin is an organ of the integumentary system; which is composed of a layer of tissues that protect underlying muscles and organs. Skin is used for insulation, vitamin D production, sensation, and excretion (through sweat).
Eczema
A disorder of the skin like psoriasis and also considered to be related to malfunctions of the immune system. Symptoms include red, itchy skin and sores that ooze and crust over. One out of ten children develops eczema, but more than half of them lose it by the time they reach their teens.
Cell
Fundamental structural unit of all life. The cell consists primarily of an outer plasma membrane, which separates it from the environment; the genetic material (DNA), which encodes heritable information for the maintainance of life; and the cytoplasm, a heterogeneous assemblage of ions, molecules, and fluid.
Elbow
The juncture of the long bones in the middle portion of the arm. The bone of the upper arm (humerus) meets both the ulna (the inner bone of the forearm) and radius (the outer bone of the forearm) to form a hinge joint at the elbow. The radius and ulna also meet one another in the elbow to permit a small amount of rotation of the forearm. The elbow therefore functions to move the arm like a hinge (forward and backward) and in rotation (outward and inward). The biceps muscle is the major muscle that flexes the elbow hinge, and the triceps muscle is the major muscle that extends it. The primary stability of the elbow is provided by the ulnar collateral ligament, located on the medial (inner) side of the elbow. The outer bony prominence of the elbow is the lateral epicondyle, a part of the humerus bone. Tendons attached to this area can be injured, causing inflammation or tendonitis (lateral epicondylitis, or tennis elbow). The inner portion of the elbow is a bony prominence called the medial epicondyle of the humerus. Additional tendons from muscles attach here and can be injured, likewise causing inflammation or tendonitis (medial epicondylitis, or golfer's elbow).
Fossa
Valley found on the sutrpface of posterior teeth.
Knee
The complex hinge joint of the upper and lower leg involving the femur, tibia and patella.
Popliteal
Having to do with the area behind the knee.
Viremia
The presence of virus in the bloodstream.
Bacterial
Of or pertaining to bacteria. For example, a bacterial lung infection.
Fungal
Pertaining to a fungus. For example, a fungal skin infection.
SIMILAR TERMS--------------------------------------
Eczema
A disorder of the skin like psoriasis and also considered to be related to malfunctions of the immune system. Symptoms include red, itchy skin and sores that ooze and crust over. One out of ten children develops eczema, but more than half of them lose it by the time they reach their teens.
Eczema, allergic contact
Also called allergic contact dermatitis, this is a red, itchy, weepy reaction where the skin has come into contact with a substance that the immune system recognizes as foreign, such as poison ivy or certain preservatives in creams and lotions.
Eczema, contact
A localized reaction that includes redness, itching, and burning where the skin has come into contact with an allergen (an allergy-causing substance) or with an irritant such as an acid, a cleaning agent or another chemical.
Eczema, dyshidrotic
Irritation of the skin on the palms of hands and soles of the feet characterized by clear, deep blisters that itch and burn.
Eczema, nummular
Coin-shaped patches of irritated skin-most common on the arms, back, buttocks, and lower legs that may be crusted, scaling, and extremely itchy.
Eczema, seborrheic
Yellowish, oily, scaly patches of skin on the scalp, face, and occasionally other parts of the body.
PREVIOUS AND NEXT TERMS--------------------------------------
Ectoparasite
A parasite that lives on or in the skin but not within the body. Fleas and lice are ectoparasites. Infestation with an ectoparasite is called an ectoparasitosis.
Ectoparasitosis
Infestation with an ectoparasite, a parasite that lives on or in the skin. The four major ectoparasitoses are pediculosis, scabies, cutaneous larva migrans and tungiasis (sand-flea disease).
Ectopia cordis
A type of birth defect in the heart is abnormally located. In ectopia cordis, the heart usually protrudes outside the chest.
Ectrodactyly
The congenital absence of all or part of one or more fingers or toes. The term ectrodactyly has been applied to a variety of malformations of the fingers or toes. It is probably best reserved for: transverse terminal aphalangia (absence of the last bone in the finger or toe), adactylia (total absence of a finger or toes), or acheiria (total absence of one or both hands).
Ectromelia virus
A member of the poxvirus family which is a highly virulent natural pathogen of mice that causes mousepox, a severe disease with high mortality rate in mice but does not infect humans. The complete genome sequence of ectromelia virus is known.
Eczema vaccinatum
Eczema, allergic contact
Also called allergic contact dermatitis, this is a red, itchy, weepy reaction where the skin has come into contact with a substance that the immune system recognizes as foreign, such as poison ivy or certain preservatives in creams and lotions.
Eczema, contact
A localized reaction that includes redness, itching, and burning where the skin has come into contact with an allergen (an allergy-causing substance) or with an irritant such as an acid, a cleaning agent or another chemical.
Eczema, dyshidrotic
Irritation of the skin on the palms of hands and soles of the feet characterized by clear, deep blisters that itch and burn.
Eczema, nummular
Coin-shaped patches of irritated skin-most common on the arms, back, buttocks, and lower legs that may be crusted, scaling, and extremely itchy.
Eczema, seborrheic
Yellowish, oily, scaly patches of skin on the scalp, face, and occasionally other parts of the body.
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