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Double-blind
Double-blind Term used to described a study in which both the investigator or the participant are blind to (unaware of) the nature of the treatment the participant is receiving. Double-blind trials are thought to produce objective results, since the expectations of the researcher and the participant about the experimental treatment such as a drug do not affect the outcome. Also called double-masked.
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Investigator
A person responsible for the conduct of the clinical trial at a trial site. If a trial is conducted by a team of individuals at a trial site, the Investigator is the responsible leader of the team and may be called the Principal Investigator.
Blind
1. Unable to see. Without part or all of the sense of sight.2. In a clinical trial, not to know the treatment given or received. The participant is not told whether they are in the experimental or control arm of the study. Also called masked.
Double-blind
Term used to described a study in which both the investigator or the participant are blind to (unaware of) the nature of the treatment the participant is receiving. Double-blind trials are thought to produce objective results, since the expectations of the researcher and the participant about the experimental treatment such as a drug do not affect the outcome. Also called double-masked.
Affect
This word is used to described observable behavior that represents the expression of a subjectively experienced feeling state (emotion). Common examples of affect are sadness, fear, joy, and anger. The normal range of expressed affect varies considerably between different cultures and even within the same culture. Types of affect include: euthymic, irritable, constricted; blunted; flat; inappropriate, and labile.
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Double bind
Interaction in which one person demands a response to a message containing mutually contradictory signals, while the other person is unable either to comment on the incongruity or to escape from the situation.
Double contrast barium enema
A series of x-rays of the colon and rectum taken after the patient is given an enema, followed by an injection of air. The barium outlines the intestines on the x-rays, allowing many abnormal growths to be visible
Double helix
The structure of DNA with the two strands of DNA spiraling about one other. The double helix looks something like an immensely long ladder twisted into a helix, or coil. The sides of the "ladder" are formed by a backbone of sugar and phosphate molecules, and the "rungs" consist of nucleotide bases joined weakly in the middle by hydrogen bonds.
Double pneumonia
Inflammation of both lungs. Medically called bilateral pneumonia.
Double-blind study
A study in which neither the subject(s) nor the investigator(s) know what treatment a subject is receiving. See also blinding/masking
Double-blinded study
A study in which at least two separate groups receive the experimental medication or procedure at different times, with neither group being made aware of when the experimental treatment or procedure has been given. Double-blinded studies are often chosen when a treatment shows particular promise and the illness involved is serious. It can be hard to recruit human subjects for a blinded study of a promising treatment when one group will receive only a placebo or an existing medicine.
Double-jointed
Popular term to describe a joint that is unusually flexible. Medically, the joint is said to be hyperflexible, hyperextensible, or hypermobile. People whose fingers are hypermobile have lower rates of arthritis in the hands.
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Dorsum
The back or posterior side of a structure. "Dorsum" is the Latin word for the back. Something pertaining to the dorsum is dorsal. The dorsal surface of the hand is the back of the hand, the side opposite the palm. The dorsal surface of the foot is the back of the foot, the side opposite the sole. The dorsal vertebrae are the thoracic vertebrae; they form part of the back. The dorsal roots of the spinal nerves are the back roots, the posterior roots.
Dose, absorbed
In radiology, the absorbed dose is the amount of energy that is deposited in any material by ionizing radiation. The unit of absorbed dose, the rad, is a measure of energy absorbed per gram of material. An alternative unit of absorbed dose is the gray. One gray equals 100 rads.
Double contrast barium enema
A series of x-rays of the colon and rectum taken after the patient is given an enema, followed by an injection of air. The barium outlines the intestines on the x-rays, allowing many abnormal growths to be visible
Double helix
The structure of DNA with the two strands of DNA spiraling about one other. The double helix looks something like an immensely long ladder twisted into a helix, or coil. The sides of the "ladder" are formed by a backbone of sugar and phosphate molecules, and the "rungs" consist of nucleotide bases joined weakly in the middle by hydrogen bonds.
Double pneumonia
Inflammation of both lungs. Medically called bilateral pneumonia.
Double-blind
Double-blinded study
A study in which at least two separate groups receive the experimental medication or procedure at different times, with neither group being made aware of when the experimental treatment or procedure has been given. Double-blinded studies are often chosen when a treatment shows particular promise and the illness involved is serious. It can be hard to recruit human subjects for a blinded study of a promising treatment when one group will receive only a placebo or an existing medicine.
Double-jointed
Popular term to describe a joint that is unusually flexible. Medically, the joint is said to be hyperflexible, hyperextensible, or hypermobile. People whose fingers are hypermobile have lower rates of arthritis in the hands.
Douching
Using water or a medicated solution to clean the vagina. Vaginal douching has been done for many, many years. However, there is currently concern that it may sometimes cause problems. It may mask, or even worsen, conditions such as bacterial or yeast infection of the vagina. Even more seriously, douching is associated with an increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). It is also associated with an increased risk of an ectopic pregnancy (probably due to PID). The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommends against douching.
Douglas, pouch of
An extension of the peritoneal cavity between the rectum and back wall of the uterus. The term "cul-de-sac," aside from being any "blind pouch or cavity that is closed at one end," is used specifically to refer to the rectouterine pouch.
Down syndrome critical region
(Abbreviated DSCR) A region on the long (q) arm of chromosome 21 thought to be responsible for some, if not all, of the features of Down syndrome. A number of genes in this region may be involved in the production of the Down syndrome phenotype. These genes may include the Down syndrome critical region 1 gene or DSCR1 on chromosome 22q11.2; DSCR2 on chromosome 21q22.3; DSCR3 in chromosome 21q22.2; DSCR4 on chromosome 21q22.2; and DSCR5 in chromosome region 21q22.1-q22.2.
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