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Causal treatment
Causal treatment A form of treatment which deals with the cause of a disease, not only the symptoms. Specific allergy vaccination is a causal treatment, the use of antihistamines is a symptomatic treatment.
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Disease Illness or sickness often characterized by typical patient problems (symptoms) and physical findings (signs). Disruption sequence: The events that occur when a fetus that is developing normally is subjected to a destructive agent such as the rubella (German measles) virus.
Allergy A major defense mounted by the body's immune system against normally harmless substances, or allergens, such as chemicals in pollen, food, bee stings, animal dander, or dust. An allergic reaction is the body's strong reaction to these substances in a person who is sensitive to them. Reactions range from mild to severe, and may include sneezing, a rash, or difficulty breathing (which can be fatal).
Vaccination Originally referred to immunization against smallpox with the less virulent cowpox (vaccinia) virus; more loosely used for any immunization against a pathogen.
Antihistamines "Drugs that combat the histamine released during an allergic reaction by blocking the action of the histamine on the tissue. Antihistamines do not stop the formation of histamine nor do they stop the conflict between the IgE and antigen. Therefore, antihistamines do not stop the allergic reaction but protect tissues from some of its effects. Antihistamines frequently cause mouth dryness and sleepiness. Newer ""non sedating"" antihistamines are generally thought to be somewhat less effective. Antihistamine side effects that very occasionally occur include urine retention in males and fast heart rate."
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Causalgia See 'Algodystrophy'.
Causes of cancer Cancer is a group of more than 100 different diseases. Benign tumors are not cancer; malignant tumors are cancer. Most cancers are named for the type of cell or the organ in which they begin. When cancer spreads (metastasizes), the new tumor has the same name as the original (primary) tumor. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer for both men and women. The second most common cancer in men is prostate cancer, in women it is breast cancer.
Caustic A chemical that can cause burns.
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Cystoscope An instrument with a narrow tube with light at one end of an opening.
Cystoscopic examination An examination of the urethra and urinary bladder with a cystoscope, an instrument with a narrow tube with light at one end of an opening.
Cystoscopy Procedure in which a viewing tube (cystoscope) is passed through the urethra to examine the inside of the bladder and ureters or to treat a disorder.
Cystourethrocele Condition that results when the urethra and its supporting tissues weaken and drop into the vagina leading to stress incontinence.
Castration The surgical removal of the testicles.
Causal treatment
Cell memory If foreign substances (e.g. bacteria) enter the body, the immune system reacts by attacking and killing them. At the same time, T-cells and B-cells produce a population of memory cells. If you are subsequently exposed to the same bacteria, the immune system reacts much more quickly. In allergy, this mechanism is called "priming". You do not experience an allergic reaction the first time you are exposed to a particular allergen, but your body registers the allergen and, over time, you may develop an allergy to it.
Challenge test See Provocation test
Corticosteroid drugs Anti-inflammatory drugs that interfere with the immune system, suppress it and thereby dampen the inflammatory overreaction. They can be used to treat a number of allergic diseases - e.g. allergic rhinitis, eczema and rheumatoid arthritis. Corticosteroid drugs come as creams, inhalants, tablets and eye drops.
Cell line A general term applied to a defined population of cells that has been maintained in culture for an extended period and usually has undergone a spontaneous process, called transformation, that allows the cells to continue dividing (replicating) in culture indefinitely.
Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) A chromosomal screening technique that permits the detection of quantitative changes in chromosomal copy number without the need for cell culturing. It provides a global overview of chromosomal gains and losses throughout the whole genome (including extra, missing, and broken chromosomes), but cannot detect small changes in DNA sequence or changes in the imprinting state of a gene.
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