Calculi, renal

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Calculi, renal

Calculi, renal

Kidney stones, by another name. A common cause of blood in the urine and pain in the abdomen, flank, or groin. Occurs in 1 in 20 people at some time in their life. Development of the stones is related to decreased urine volume or increased excretion of stone-forming components such as calcium, oxalate, urate, cystine, xanthine, and phosphate. The stones form in the urine collecting area (the pelvis) of the kidney and may range in size from tiny to staghorn stones the size of the renal pelvis itself . The pain is usually of sudden onset, very severe and colicky (intermittent), not improved by changes in position, radiating from the back, down the flank, and into the groin. Nausea and vomiting are common. Predisposing factors may include recent reduction in fluid intake, increased exercise with dehydration, medications that cause hyperuricemia (high uric acid) and a history of gout. Treatment includes relief of pain, hydration and, if there is concurrent urinary infection, antibiotics. The majority of stones pass spontaneously within 48 hours. However, some stones may not. There are several factors which influence the ability to pass a stone. These include the size of the person, prior stone passage, prostate enlargement, pregnancy, and the size of the stone. A 4 mm stone has an 80% chance of passage while a 5 mm stone has a 20% chance. If a stone does not pass, urologic intervention may be needed. The process of stone formation is also called nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis.

RELATED TERMS
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Kidney
One of the paired organs that excrete urine. The kidneys are bean-shaped organs (about 11 cm long, 5 cm wide, and 3 cm thick) lying on either side of the vertebral column, posterior to the peritoneum, about opposite the twelfth thoracic and first three lumbar vertebrae.

Blood
The life-maintaining fluid which is made up of plasma, red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets; blood circulates through the body's heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries; it carries away waste matter and carbon dioxide, and brings nourishment, electrolytes, hormones, vitamins, antibodies, heat, and oxygen to the tissues.

Urine
The waste fluid secreted by the kidneys, transported by the ureters, stored in the bladder, and voided through the urethra.

Pain
An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience primarily associated with tissue damage, or described in terms of tissue damage, or both.

Abdomen
The area between the chest and the hips. Contains the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen.

Groin
The region of the body where the thigh and lower abdomen meet.

Development
The process of growth and differentiation.

Calcium
Chemical element needed for healthy teeth, bones and nerves

Cystine
An amino acid that is particularly notable because it is the least soluble of all of the naturally occurring amino acids and because it precipitates out of solution in the genetic disease cystinuria to form stones in the urinary tract. Cystine is the chief sulfur-containing compound in protein. Cystine is generated by the union of two cysteine molecules and so is sometimes called dicysteine. It is abbreviated Cys-Cys.

Renal
Pertains to kidneys.

Pelvis
A basin-shaped structure that supports the spinal column and contains the sacrum, coccyx, and hip bones (ilium, pubis, and ischium).

Nausea
The feeling of wanting to throw up (vomit).

Vomiting
The release of stomach contents through the mouth.

Dehydration
Loss of fluids from the body, often caused by diarrhea. May result in loss of important salts and minerals.

Gout
A condition in which too much urate (a normally-occurring body substance) may accumulate and give rise to a (crystal-related) arthritis. This may occur due to a variety of causes.

Hydration
Provision of fluids by any means to prevent dehydration.

Infection
Anything that invades the body and reproduces. Infections can be bacteria, protozoa, fungi, or viruses. Bacteria and fungi are one celled creatures that cause many infections including strep throat, bladder infections, and some lung infections. Fungi cause “athlete’s foot” and thrush, an infection in the mouth. Protozoa are small organisms with many cells that can cause infections in the guts or in the lungs. Most healthy people do not get protozoal infections, but people with suppressed immune systems can. Viruses are not really organisms; they are tiny particles that can live only inside another cell. They reproduce by taking over a cell and causing that cell to make more virus particles, rather than doing what the cell is supposed to do. Viruses cause most colds and flu cases.

Prostate
A male sex gland that produces a thick fluid which forms part of semen.

Intervention
In healthcare, any attempt (particularly one that is professional), or mode of attempting, to modify a medical situation.

SIMILAR TERMS
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Calcaneal spur
A bony spur projecting from the back or underside of the heel bone (the calcaneus) that often makes walking painful. A calcaneal spur is also called a heel spur.

Calcaneocuboid joint
The calcaneocuboid joint is located in the foot between the calcaneus bone (the heel bone) and the cuboid bone (a bone shaped like a cube just in front of the calcaneus).

Calcaneus
The calcaneus is the heel bone. It is also called the os calcis. The calcaneus is a more or less rectangular bone at the back of the foot.

Calcarine sulcus
Location of V1 in the human occipital lobe. The central visual field is represented in hte psoterior calcarine sulcus. The peripheral visual field is represented in the anterior portion of the calcarine sulus.

Calcibind
Calcibind is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): cellulose sodium phosphate.

Calciferol
Vitamin D.

Calcific bursitis
A bursa is a thin fluid-filled sac that reduces friction forces between tissues of the body. Chronic (repeated of long-standing) inflammation of the bursa (bursitis) can lead to calcification of the bursa. This is referred to as "calcific bursitis." The calcium deposition (calcification) can occur as long as the inflammation is present.

Calcification
Formation of calcific (chalky) material in tissue.

Calcification, nonarteriosclerotic cerebral
Is a genetic neurological disorder characterized by abnormal deposits of calcium in certain of areas of the brain (including the basal ganglia and the cerebral cortex). Symptoms may include motor function deterioration, dementia, mental retardation, spastic paralysis, dysarthria (poorly articulated speech), spasticity (stiffness of the limbs), ocular (eye) problems, and athetosis (involuntary, writhing movements).

Calcified granuloma
A calcified granuloma is a granuloma containing calcium deposits. Since it usually takes some time for calcium to be deposited in a granuloma, it is generally assumed that a calcified granuloma is an old granuloma.

Calcijex
Calcijex is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): calcitriol.

Calcimar
Calcimar is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): calcitonin, salmon.

Calcimimetic
A drug in a class of orally active, small molecules that decrease the secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by activating calcium receptors. The secretion of PTH is normally regulated by the calcium-sensing receptor. Calcimimetic agents increase the sensitivity of this receptor to calcium, which inhibits the release of parathyroid hormone and lowers parathyroid hormone levels within a few hours.

Calcinosis
An abnormal deposit of calcium salts in body tissues, as is seen in some forms of disease.

Calciparine
Calciparine is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): heparin calcium.

Calcipotriene
A synthetic form of vitamin D3 that can be applied to the skin to treat psoriasis.

Calcitonin
A hormone secreted by the thyroid gland which controls the levels of calcium and phosphorous in the blood.

Calcitonin-salmon
Calcitonin-salmon is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): calcitonin, salmon.

Calcitriol
The active form of vitamin D. Calcitriol is formed in the kidneys or made in the laboratory. It is used as a drug to increase calcium levels in the body in order to treat skeletal and tissue-related calcium deficiencies caused by kidney or thyroid disorders.

Calcium
Chemical element needed for healthy teeth, bones and nerves

Calcium channel blocker
Or calcium blocker. A medication that lowers blood pressure.

Calcium Channel Blocker
A drug used to lower blood pressure.

Calcium chloride 10 per cent in plastic container
Calcium chloride 10 per cent in plastic container is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): calcium chloride.

Calcium deficiency
A low level of calcium in the blood (hypocalcemia) which can make the nervous system highly irritable causing tetany (spasms of the hands and feet, muscle cramps, abdominal cramps, and overly active reflexes). Chronic calcium deficiency contributes to poor mineralization of bones, soft bones (osteomalacia) and osteoporosis and, in children, rickets and impaired growth.

Calcium disodium versenate
Calcium disodium versenate is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): edetate calcium disodium.

Calcium excess
Overly high intake of calcium that can result in elevated levels of calcium in the blood (hypercalcemia). This can cause muscle weakness and constipation, affect the conduction of electrical impulses in the heart (heart block), lead to calcium stones in the urinary tract (nephrocalcinosis), impair kidney function, and interfere with the absorption of iron, predisposing to iron deficiency.

Calcium gluceptate
Calcium gluceptate is a prescription or over-the-counter drug which is (or once was) approved in the United States and possibly in other countries. Active ingredient(s): calcium gluceptate.

Calcium-Channel Blocker
A drug that reduces spasm of the blood vessels, lowers blood pressure, and controls angina; acts by selectively blocking the uptake of calcium by the cells.

Calculi
Stones or solid lumps such as gallstones.

Calculus
Hard residue, commonly known as "tarter," that forms on teeth due to inadequate plaque control, often stained yellow or brown.

Calculus, renal
A stone in the kidney (or lower down in the urinary tract). Also called a kidney stone. The stones themselves are called renal caluli.

Calcutta doctors
All doctors near Calcutta, India. Doctors who can assist a patient in Calcutta.

PREVIOUS AND NEXT TERMS
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Calcinosis
An abnormal deposit of calcium salts in body tissues, as is seen in some forms of disease.

Calcipotriene
A synthetic form of vitamin D3 that can be applied to the skin to treat psoriasis.

Calcitriol
The active form of vitamin D. Calcitriol is formed in the kidneys or made in the laboratory. It is used as a drug to increase calcium levels in the body in order to treat skeletal and tissue-related calcium deficiencies caused by kidney or thyroid disorders.

Calcium deficiency
A low level of calcium in the blood (hypocalcemia) which can make the nervous system highly irritable causing tetany (spasms of the hands and feet, muscle cramps, abdominal cramps, and overly active reflexes). Chronic calcium deficiency contributes to poor mineralization of bones, soft bones (osteomalacia) and osteoporosis and, in children, rickets and impaired growth.

Calcium excess
Overly high intake of calcium that can result in elevated levels of calcium in the blood (hypercalcemia). This can cause muscle weakness and constipation, affect the conduction of electrical impulses in the heart (heart block), lead to calcium stones in the urinary tract (nephrocalcinosis), impair kidney function, and interfere with the absorption of iron, predisposing to iron deficiency.

Calculi, renal

Calculus, renal
A stone in the kidney (or lower down in the urinary tract). Also called a kidney stone. The stones themselves are called renal caluli.

Calefacient
1. (noun) Anything that warms. 2. (noun) A substance that produces a feeling of warmth when it is applied to the body. 3. (adjective) Producing warmth; heating.

Calf
The belly or fleshy hind part of the leg below the knee.

Calf bone
Familiar name for the fibula, the lateral (outside) and smaller of the two long bones in the lower leg. The other bone in the lower leg is the tibia. The tibia bears weight; the fibula does not.

Calicivirus
A group of viruses belonging to the family Caliciviridae.

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This dictionary contains 25007 terms.

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