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Bovine genome
Bovine genome The genome of the cow (Bos taurus). The bovine genome is similar in size to the genomes of humans and other mammals, containing approximately 3 billion DNA base pairs. The breed of cattle selected for initial sequencing was Hereford, which is used in beef production. Sequencing began in December 2003 and a first draft was completed in October 2004. Sequencing of additional cattle breeds, including the Holstein, Angus, Jersey, Limousin, Norwegian Red and Brahman, allows tracking of the DNA differences between these breeds to assist in the discovery of traits for better meat and milk production and, as with all non-human genomes, to model human disease.
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Genome
The complete genetic material of an organism.
Bovine
Having to do with cattle. For example, bovine insulin is insulin obtained from cattle.
Base
A chemical compound that either donates hydroxide ions or absorbs hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. Bases and acids are referred to as opposites because the effect of an acid is to increase the hydronium ion concentration in water, whereas bases reduce this concentration. Arrhenius bases are water-soluble and always have a pH greater than 7 in solution.
Model
Reproduction of structures made by pouring plaster or stone into a mold.
Disease
Illness or sickness often characterized by typical patient problems (symptoms) and physical findings (signs). Disruption sequence: The events that occur when a fetus that is developing normally is subjected to a destructive agent such as the rubella (German measles) virus.
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Bovine
Having to do with cattle. For example, bovine insulin is insulin obtained from cattle.
Bovine malignant catarrhal fever
Malignant catarrhal fever is an acute, highly fatal, viral, infectious disease of cattle and sheep , characterized by an erosive stomatitis, gastroenteritis and erosions of the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract.
Bovine tuberculosis
Tuberculosis in cattle caused by infection with the bacterium Mycobacterium bovis which can be transmitted to other animals and to humans.
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Botox
A highly purified preparation of botulinum toxin A, a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Botox is for injection, in very small amounts, into specific muscles. It acts by blocking the transmission of nerve impulses to muscles and so paralyzing the muscles. Botox is a brand name that has passed into popular usage as a synonym for Botulinum toxin.
Bottlefeeding
The use of a substitute for breast milk for feeding infants.
Botulinum toxin
A toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum that is the most poisonous biological substance known. Botulinum toxin acts as a neurotoxin. It binds to the nerve ending at the point where the nerve joins a muscle, blocking the release by the nerve of the chemical acetylcholine (the principal neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction), preventing the muscle from contracting. The result is weakness and paralysis of the muscle. The muscle atrophies. The blockage of acetylcholine release is irreversible. Function can be recovered by the sprouting of nerve terminals and the formation of new synaptic contacts, which usually takes 2 to 3 months.
Bougie
A thin cylinder of rubber, plastic, metal or another material that a physician inserts into or though a body passageway, such as the esophagus, to diagnose or treat a condition. A bougie may be used to widen a passageway, guide another instrument into a passageway, or dislodge an object.
Bougienage
"A procedure involving the use of a bougie. A bougie is a thin cylinder of rubber, plastic, metal or another material that a physician inserts into or though a body passageway, such as the esophagus, to widen the passageway, guide another instrument into a passageway, or dislodge an object. An alternate spelling of ""bougienage"" is ""bouginage."" "
Bovine genome
Bovine tuberculosis
Tuberculosis in cattle caused by infection with the bacterium Mycobacterium bovis which can be transmitted to other animals and to humans.
Bow-legs
A condition in which the legs curve out to leave a gap between the knees after the period of infancy has passed. It can be corrected with surgery or casting. Also called genu varum, tibia vara.
Bowel disease, inflammatory
A group of chronic intestinal diseases characterized by inflammation of the bowel -- the large or small intestine. The most common types of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease.
Bowel disorders and fiber
High fiber diets help delay the progression of diverticulosis and, at least, reduce the bouts of diverticulitis. In many cases, it helps reduce the symptoms of the Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). It is generally accepted that a diet high in fiber is protective, or at least reduces the incidence, of colon polyps and colon cancer.
Bowel sounds
The gurgling, rumbling, or growling noises from the abdomen caused by the muscular contractions of peristalsis, the process that moves the contents of the stomach and intestines downward.
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