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Blind
Blind 1. Unable to see. Without part or all of the sense of sight.2. In a clinical trial, not to know the treatment given or received. The participant is not told whether they are in the experimental or control arm of the study. Also called masked.
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Clinical
That which can be observed in patients. Research that uses patients to test new treatments, as opposed to laboratory testing or research in animals.
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Blind review
The checking and assessment of data during the period of time between trial completion (the last observation on the last subject) and the breaking of the blind, for the purpose of finalising the planned analysis.
Blind spot
The location where optic nerve fibers leave the retina. This area has no photoreceptors and therefore no visual input. The cortex appears to fill-in this missing information so we are not conscious of the blind spot.
Blind study
One in which the subject or the investigator (or both) are unaware of what trial product a subject is taking. See also double-blind study, single-blind study, triple-blind study.
Blinded medications
Products that appear identical in size, shape, colour, flavour, and other attributes to make it very difficult for subjects and investigators to determine which medication is being administered.
Blinded study
A study done in such a way that the patients or subjects do not know (is blinded as to) what treatment they are receiving to ensure that the results are not affected by a placebo effect (the power of suggestion).
Blinding/masking
A procedure in which one or more parties to the trial are kept unaware of the treatment assignments. Single-blinding usually refers to the subject(s) being unaware, and doubleblinding usually refers to the subject(s), investigators, monitor, and, in some cases, data analyst(s) being unaware of the treatment assignments.
Blindness
Legal blindness is defined as: 1) visual acuity of 20/200 (only being able to see the big E on the eye chart) or less in the best eye even with the eyes corrected by glasses or contact lenses; or, 2) The peripheral visual field is reduced to 20 degrees of visual angle or less. Twenty degrees of visual angle is about the size of a one foot ruler held at arms length.
Blindness, legal
See: Legal blindness.
Blindness, night
Impaired vision in dim light and in the dark, due to impaired function of specific vision cells (namely, the rods) in the retina.
Blindsight
A phenomenon reported in individuals suffering from cortical blindness (i.e. damage to the primary visual cortex resulting in blindness). Individuals with blindsight report that they are unable to see, yet under forced choice conditions are able to indicate the presence and location of visually presented objects.
Blink rate
The number of times per minute that the eyelid automatically closes -- normally 10 to 30 per minute.
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Blasts
"Immature blood cells. Leukemic blasts do not grow and age normally; they proliferate wildly and fail to mature."
Bleb
A bladder-like structure more than 5 mm in diameter with thin walls that may be full of fluid. Also called a bulla.
Blender experiment
See: Hershey-Chase experiment.
Blepharophimosis
Horizontal narrowing of the palpebral fissures (eye slits).
Blighted ovum
A fertilized ovum (egg) that did not develop or whose development ceased at an early stage, before 6 or 7 weeks of gestation. On the ultrasound examination of a blighted ovum, only the gestational sac that normally surrounds the embryo can be seen. There is usually no embryo inside the gestational sac.
Blind
Blinded study
A study done in such a way that the patients or subjects do not know (is blinded as to) what treatment they are receiving to ensure that the results are not affected by a placebo effect (the power of suggestion).
Blindness, legal
See: Legal blindness.
Blindness, night
Impaired vision in dim light and in the dark, due to impaired function of specific vision cells (namely, the rods) in the retina.
Blister agent
See: Vesicant.
Blister beetle
A blister beetle is one of a number of beetles that have historically been used in dried or powdered form for medicinal purposes to raise blisters on the skin. An example of a blister beetle is the so-called Spanish fly. All blister beetles are soft-bodied beetles and belong to the family Meloidae.
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